This part of Bahishti Zewar consists of things which would give one peace of mind in this world and at the same time prevent one from causing discomfort to others. Outwardly they may appear to be worldly matters. However, Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam has said that a complete Muslim is he from whose hands and tongue other Muslims are safe. Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam has said that it is not appropriate for a Muslim to place himself into any difficulty and thereby cause disgrace to himself. It has been mentioned in a Hadith that when Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam used to deliver a lecture, he would always take his listeners into consideration by ensuring that he does not put them into discomfort. Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam has said that when a person is a guest at someone's house, he should not stay there to the extent that he causes discomfort and disturbance to his hosts. We learn from all these ahadith that it is contrary to the Deen to unnecessarily put yourself into difficulty or to put others into difficulty. Furthermore, it is also contrary to the Deen to act in a way which would cause difficulty and discomfort to others. It is for this reason that, together with Deeni matters, we have included such matters which would be of comfort both for oneself and others as well.

1. When you begin shutting the doors at night, check around properly whether any dog or cat has not entered the house. Ensure that there is nothing in the house which could cause harm to your life or damage to your belongings. There are many things which can cause disturbance to your sleep.

2. Occasionally, keep your clothes and books in the sun.

3. Keep your house clean and ensure that everything is kept at the right place.

4. If you desire to maintain your health, do not seek excessive relaxation. Engage in some strenuous work. The best thing for women is to grind their own wheat, to pound with a pestle, or to use a spinning wheel. In carrying out these tasks, the body remains strong and healthy.

5. If you go to meet anyone or go to speak to someone, do not sit there nor remain speaking to the extent that it causes discomfort to the person or to the extent that it causes him delay in completing his work.

6. All the inhabitants of the house should be made to conform to the rule that everything has a specific place where it would be kept. When anyone takes it from there, he should replace it at that very place the moment he completes using it. This is so that others will not have to ask for it or search for it everywhere. By changing the place of an item, at times no one is able to find it. This causes great discomfort to everyone. As for the things which are used specifically by you, keep them in specific places so that when you need them, you are able to get them without even looking. In other words, because you are used to them being in a particular place, you will be able to obtain them by merely stretching out your hand.

7. Do not leave the sofa, any utensil, brick, etc. in the way. It happens very often at night and during the day at times, that a person walks without noticing these items. As a result, he slips and falls and even hurts himself.

8. When anyone asks you to do something, ensure that you reply verbally in the affirmative or negative so that the person knows exactly whether you are going to do it or not. If you do not reply verbally, it is possible that the person may be under the impression that you have heard what has been said when in actual fact you did not even hear him. Alternatively, he may be under the impression that you have agreed to carry out that task when in actual fact you do not wish to carry it out. This would result in that person unnecessarily relying on you to carry out that task.

9. When adding salt to the food, add a little less than normal. If those who are eating find it less, they can always add more. But if you add extra, you will not be able to lessen it.

10. When adding chillies to dhals, vegetables, curries, etc. do not cut the chillies. Instead, grind them into powder and then add them. By cutting them, the seeds remain intact and if these have to be eaten, they would cause the mouth to burn.

11. If you happen to drink water at night and the light is on, ensure that you look at it carefully prior to drinking it. If there are no lights, cover the mouth of the container or the tumbler with a cloth (or strainer) so that no harmful substance enters the water.

12. Do not throw or toss children when playing with them. At the same time, do not suspend them from a window or any other elevated place. Allah forbid, it must not happen that the child slips out of your hand, falls down, and this playing turns into a tragedy. In the same way, do not chase them. It is possible that they will fall and get hurt.

13. Once a pot is empty, wash it and keep it upside down. When you wish to use it again, rinse it first.

14. When you intend keeping a pot (of food) on the table, do not do so without checking beneath it to see whether it is dirty or not. (This is especially so when it has been heated over a gas stove or fire because in such cases the pot most definitely turns black).

15. When you go as a guest to someone's house, do not ask for anything. The thing which you ask for may seem insignificant. However, it is something that is based on availability (i.e. it may have just got finished prior to your arrival). By your asking for it, you will be putting your host in an embarrassing situation.

16. Do not spit or clean your nose at a place where others are present. If there is a need to do so, excuse yourself and fulfil your need elsewhere.

17. When eating food, do not mention things which would cause disgust or nausea to others. This causes great discomfort to those who have very sensitive temperaments.

18. When in the presence of a sick person or his relatives, do not mention things which would cause them to lose hope in life and unnecessarily break their heart. Instead, console them by saying that Insha Allah, all pain will go away, etc.

19. If you have to say anything secretive about a particular person and the latter is also sitting there, do not say anything by making gestures with your eyes or hands. This would unnecessarily put the person in doubt. This rule only applies if what you wish to say about the person is considered to be permissible in the Shariah. If it is not permissible, then it will be a sin to say such things.

20. When speaking, do not make excessive gestures with your hands.

21. Do not wipe your nose with your scarf, sleeve, edge of the skirt, dress, etc.

22. Always dust your shoes (or strike them against each other) prior to wearing them. It is possible that there is a harmful object or animal sitting inside. You should do the same with your clothes and sheets (prior to going to bed).

23. If a person has any sores, pimples, etc. in his private places, do not ask him where they are. This would cause unnecessary embarrassment to the person.

24. Do not sit at a place where many people are walking up and down. This would cause discomfort to them and to you as well.

25. Do not allow any smell to develop on your clothes or body (on account of their being dirty or not having a bath for a long time).

26. Do not sweep a place where others are seated.

27. Do not throw seeds (of fruit) and peels on anyone.

28. Do not play around with a knife, scissors, pins, etc. It's possible that you will mistakenly hurt yourself.

29. When any guest comes to your house, show him the toilet first. Do not worry about preparing a very elaborate meal which would cause a delay in his having the meal. Prepare the meals on time even if they may be simple. On the day of his departure, ensure that his breakfast is prepared quickly and early. In short, there must be no shortcoming in seeing to his comfort.

30. Do not come out of the toilet or bathroom while you are still tying your pants (or putting your dress in order). Do all this in the toilet or bathroom and then come out.

31. When anyone asks you anything, answer him first and then continue with your work.

32. When you say anything (to anyone) or give a reply to anyone, speak clearly so that the person understands you thoroughly.

33. When you have to give anything to anyone, do not throw it from far. It is possible that it will not reach him and would get damaged. Go to the person and give it directly in his hand.

34. When two persons are busy teaching and learning or busy in a conversation, do not go near them and begin shouting and screaming. Do not even talk to them.

35. When anyone is busy in a certain task or busy talking, do not commence speaking to him the moment you go to him. Instead, wait for the opportune moment. When he turns towards you, commence speaking to him.

36. When you have to give anything to anyone, do not release it from your hand until and unless that person has got a proper hold over it. Many a time, an item falls while it is being transferred from one person to the other and thereby gets damaged.

37. When eating, keep all the bones, peels, etc. at one place. Do not spread them all over the place. Once you have gathered all, dispose of them at the appropriate place.

38. Do not walk too swiftly nor should you walk by raising your head too high. It is possible that you would fall.

39. When closing a book, close it very carefully. Many a time the first and last pages get turned.

40. You should not speak in praise of any ghayr mahram male in the presence of your husband. Some men do not like this.

41. In the same way, do not speak in praise of any woman in the presence of your husband. It is possible that he will become inclined towards her and disinterested in you.

42. When you meet someone with whom you have a formal relationship, you should not ask her about her house conditions, jewellery, clothing, etc.

43. Set aside three to four days a month in which you would remove all the cob webs, clean the carpets and floors, and keep everything in order.

44. If any piece of paper or book is kept in front of someone, you should not pick it up and look at it. If the piece of paper has something hand-written on it, it is possible that it is of a private and confidential nature. If it is printed (such as a book), it is possible that a hand-written note is kept inside it (and this may be of a private nature).

45. Be extremely cautious when ascending or descending a flight of stairs. In fact, it would be preferable to place one foot on one step first and before going to the next step, the second foot should also be placed onto the first step. Once both the feet are on one step, the next step should be climbed. Do not place one foot on one step and the other foot on the next step. This is totally inappropriate for girls and women. You should also stop boys from doing this from a young age.

46. Do not dust a garment, book or anything else in such a way that dust falls on the person who is sitting nearby. Similarly, you should not blow with your mouth or dust with a cloth (when anyone is sitting nearby). You should do all this when there is no one nearby.

47. When you hear any sad news regarding the death of someone, someone being afflicted by a calamity or someone falling ill, do not mention this to anyone as long as you have not established and verified the news which you have received. It is more important that you do not mention it to the person's relatives and near ones. If it is established that the news which you received was incorrect, you would have put these people under unnecessary stress and tension. Furthermore, they will accuse you of taking out a bad omen.

48. In the same way, if you are afflicted by any minor illness or difficulty, do not write to your distant relatives informing them of your illness and difficulty. (This would cause them unnecessary worry).

49. Do not spit on the walls especially if it is while eating betel leaves. In the same way, do not touch the walls and doors with oily hands. Instead, wash your hands. Do not consider burnt oil to be impure, as is the habit of some ignorant women.

50. If there is a need for more curry on the dining table, do not take away the dish that is in front of those who are eating. Instead, bring more curry in another dish.

51. If a person is sleeping on a bed or couch, do not shake him. If you have to pass by, then do so in such a way that you do not disturb him in any way. If you have to pick up anything from the bed or leave anything on it, then do so very silently.

52. Do not leave any food or drink open. In fact, if you leave any food or drink on the dining table and that thing will be eaten later or right at the end of the meal, you should still cover it.

53. Once the guest has eaten to his full, he should leave a little bit of curry or a small piece of bread so that his hosts do not feel that he did not get enough to eat. This could cause embarrassment to them.

54. Utensils that are empty and have to be kept away in the cupboard should be turned over and kept away.

55. When walking, lift your feet completely from the ground. Do not drag your feet because this would cause your shoes to wear out quickly and at the same time this is considered to be ill-mannered.

56. You must be careful when it comes to wearing shawls and head-coverings in that their edges and corners do not touch the ground.

57. If anyone asks for salt or any other food item, bring it in a utensil or dish. Do not bring it by placing it in your hand.

58. Do not speak immoral and obscene things in the presence of girls. In doing so, their modesty and bashfulness also disappears.

1. One of the shortcomings of women is that when they are questioned, they do not give a proper reply which would satisfy the questioner. They introduce many irrelevant facts and even then the actual thing which was asked is not known thoroughly. Remember that whenever anyone asks you anything, ponder over the actual meaning of what has been said. Thereafter give the appropriate answer.

2. Another shortcoming is that when a woman is given a task, she remains silent. The person who has ordered her to fulfil that task does not even know whether she has heard what has been said or not. At times, the person is under the assumption that she has heard when in actual fact she has not heard what has been said. As a result, that task is not fulfilled and when she is questioned about it, she absolves herself by saying that she did not hear. In short, that task remains unfulfilled. At other times, the person is under the assumption that she has not heard. He therefore repeats his order and the woman angrily replies: "I have heard! Don't "eat" my head." We can gauge from this that in both instances this results in ill-feeling between the two. Had the woman replied in the affirmative (or negative) at the very outset, they would have saved themselves from all this misunderstanding.

3. Another shortcoming is that when a woman wishes to give a certain task to the domestic servant or anyone else in the house, she will shout from a distance. There are two harms in this: One is that this is a sign of shamelessness and immodesty for it is highly possible that her voice will be heard out of the house and on certain occasions it will also be heard on the street. The other harm of this is that when a person shouts from a distance and issues orders, it is highly possible that some of the orders will be understood while others will not be understood. Those that have been understood will be carried out while those that have not been understood will not be carried out. As a result of this the woman will become angry and ask the domestic servant as to why she did not execute a certain task and the latter will reply that she did not even hear it. This results in each person blaming the other and the task remains unfulfilled. In the same way, when the domestic servant has anything to say, she does not enter the house and speak clearly. Instead, she stands at the door and shouts. Even in this case, certain things are understood while others are not. Etiquette demands that the woman should go to the person whom she wishes to address. Alternatively, she should call for the person and thereafter inform her of whatever she wishes to be done in a cool and collected manner.

4. Another shortcoming of women is that when they like something, they act impulsively and purchase it immediately irrespective of whether they need that item or not and even if they have to purchase it on credit. Even if one does not purchase on credit, it is a sign of great stupidity to squander one's money on unnecessary items. Extravagance and squandering one's wealth is also a sin. When you have to spend your money on a particular item, first ponder and think if there is any Deeni benefit in purchasing the item or any worldly necessity that would be fulfilled by purchasing it. If you find any benefit or necessity after pondering over the matter thoroughly, purchase the item. But if you find no benefit or necessity, do not squander your money. As far as possible, do not incur any debts even if it means experiencing a little difficulty or inconvenience.

5. Another shortcoming of women is that when they have to go into the town or embark on a journey, they delay in getting themselves ready. As a result, they are delayed in departing. If it was a long journey, they reach their destination late. If night falls and they are still travelling, there is fear over their lives and possessions. If it was a hot day, they become tired and weary and at the same time put their children under great stress. If it was during the rainy season, there is the fear of rain. Furthermore, it becomes difficult for the vehicle to move in the rain and mud. As a result they are further delayed. However, if they leave early in the morning, there are all types of conveniences and many alternatives. Even if one had to go to a nearby district and had to hire a taxi, the taxi driver is made to wait (on account of the woman's delay). Leaving late will cause you to return late, your domestic tasks will be delayed, you will be delayed in preparing the meals, the meal may be spoilt because of your rushing to complete your cooking, on the one hand your husband will demand his food and on the other hand your children will be crying for their food. Had you left early, you would not have experienced all these difficulties.

6. Another shortcoming when travelling is that women like to take along many unnecessary items. This puts the animal (that is to be mounted, eg. a horse or the car in present times) under stress, causes a shortage in space, and most of all, causes great problems for the men with whom they are travelling. It is the men who have to guard all the goods, very often they also have to carry the goods and it is they who have to pay the porters for carrying the goods. In short, it is the poor men who have to shoulder all the responsibilities while the women sit indifferently in the vehicle. Always carry few items when travelling. In doing so, you will be at ease all the way. Bear this in mind when travelling by train as well. In fact, one has to be more cautious when travelling by train.

7. Another shortcoming is that when they board a train (or any other public mode of transport) they inform the men to cover their faces (i.e. to lower their gazes) or to conceal themselves in one corner. After she has boarded, she does not inform the men that she is no longer a need to observe purdah. The harm of this is that those poor men continue covering their faces (i.e. lowering their gazes) or concealing themselves thus causing them unnecessary discomfort. At times, the men are under the misconception that the woman has covered herself and they therefore uncover their faces or come out of concealment, when in actual fact the woman has not covered herself as yet, resulting in the men seeing her uncovered. This is the harm of the woman not informing the men a second time. Had she informed them a second time, they would have all come to know that she is in the habit of informing a second time, they would all await her announcement and no one will come forward without first knowing her actual state.

8. Another shortcoming is that when a woman goes to someone's house, then the moment she disembarks from the vehicle, she barges into the house without even announcing her arrival. Many a time the men of the house are present and she has to confront them. You should not do this. Instead, prior to your getting off the vehicle, send someone inside to inquire and at the same time inform of your arrival. If there are any men, they will leave the room. Once you have heard that there are no men present, get off from the vehicle and enter the house.

9. In most cases when two women are conversing with each other, one of them begins speaking even before the other can complete what she was saying. Many a time, both of them commence speaking simultaneously and none of the two can hear the other's speech. What is the benefit in such a conversation? You should always remember that once a person has completed whatever he wishes to say, only then should the other person commence speaking.

10. Women are in the habit of leaving their jewellery and money lying around. At times they will merely keep it under the pillow or on a shelf. Despite their having locks and keys, they do not keep such items safely due to laziness. Later, if something has to get mislaid, she accuses everyone (of stealing it).

11. Another shortcoming is that if a woman is sent for a certain task, she will undertake another task at the same time. She only returns after completing both tasks. In doing this, she causes great stress and discomfort to the person who has sent her because he estimated the task to take a certain amount of time. Once this time passes, the person begins to get worried. On the other hand, this woman says (to herself): "I’ve come till here, let me do the other task as well." You should not do this. Execute the first task first and thereby fulfil his request. Once you have done so, you can undertake the second task at your own pace.

12. Another shortcoming is that of laziness. Women tend to postpone a particular task for a later period. In most cases this results in inconvenience and harm.

13. Another shortcoming is that she does not have any sense of urgency in her temperament. She does not look at the need and the circumstance - the situation demands that I hasten, therefore let me hurry and complete the task as soon as possible. She always opts for "taking things very easily" and going into great pains in doing something (that does not require so much of attention and formality). At times, this attitude results in the actual task being spoilt and the opportunity (of fulfilling it) passing away.

14. Another shortcoming of women is that when they lose anything, they accuse someone without any investigation. In other words, if a person was known to have stolen before, they accuse that same person of stealing again when in actual fact it is not necessary for one person to commit all acts of evil all the time. In the same way, when other evil acts are committed and she suspects a certain person, she will develop such a powerful conviction that she will even accuse good, innocent persons.

15. Another shortcoming is that when two persons are engaged in a conversation, the woman will try to enter their conversation without being asked to do so. Furthermore, she will give her own advice and opinions regarding the matter under discussion (without being asked to do so). As long as anyone does not ask you for any advice or for your opinion, you should be silent and remain as if you are absolutely dumb.

16. When a woman returns from any gathering or function, she has the habit of mentioning the appearance of all the women that were present to her husband. She describes the jewellery, clothing and adornment of all the women who were present. If the husband becomes inclined towards one of those women and his heart becomes attached to one of them, what a great harm will be experienced by her!

17. When a woman has to speak to a particular person, she does not wait for that person to complete the task in which he is occupied or the conversation in which he is engaged. Instead, she will intrude and impose on the person while he is still fully occupied in his task. This is an evil practice. You should only speak to him when he turns his attention towards you.

18. Another shortcoming is that when they speak, they speak in half measures and when they have to convey a message, they convey only half the message. The consequence of this is that the meaning and the message will be misunderstood. At times this causes the task to be spoilt while on other occasions it causes ill-feelings between the persons.

19. When a person speaks to a woman, she does not pay full attention to the person who is addressing her. She continues with whatever task she is engaged in or continues speaking to someone else. This causes the person who is addressing her to feel dissatisfied and at the same time he does not have any confidence in the woman fulfilling the task which he had spoken to her about. This is because if she has not heard everything that he has said, how will she fulfil the task completely?

20. Another shortcoming is that a woman will not admit her fault or mistake. As far as possible, she will try to "cover up" her mistake or justify it irrespective of whether it is justifiable or not.

21. When anything is sent to a woman (as a gift) and the quantity of that gift happens to be less or it happens to be of an inferior quality, she will look down upon that gift, accuse the person who sent such a gift saying that there was no need to send such an inferior gift and that the person should be ashamed of himself for sending such an item, etc. This is a very evil practice. He could only bring this much to you. He did not cause any harm or destruction to your personal property in bringing such an item. Women treat their husbands in the same way. Very seldom will they accept any of his gifts happily. In most cases they will find fault with the gift and thereafter accept it.

22. Another shortcoming of women is that when any task is given to them they will babble something and thereafter carry it out. When they know that they will have to carry out that task, what is the benefit in babbling? At the same time, they have caused ill-feeling to the person who asked them to carry out the task.

23. Some women are in the habit of stitching clothes while they are actually wearing that very garment which is being stitched. At times, they even poke themselves. Why cause unnecessary harm to yourself?

24. At the time of arrival or departure, women are in the habit of crying even if they do not really feel like crying on such an occasion. They impose this crying upon themselves out of fear that the person will think that they have no feelings.

25. Women are also in the habit of leaving pins and needles lying around. Very often, unwary persons are pricked (and thereby harmed).

26. Another shortcoming of women is that they do not protect their children from the heat and the cold. When the children fall ill, they run around asking for ta'weezes (amulets). They do not bother about giving the proper medication nor do they bother about taking proper precautions for the future.

27. Women are in the habit of feeding their children even though the latter may not be hungry at all. Alternatively, they insist on their guests to eat something even if they are not hungry. Thereafter, the children or guests have to bear the harm of eating despite their not being hungry (causing harm to their digestive system).

1. As far as possible do not get both your sons or both your daughters married at once. This is because there will definitely be some difference in your daughters-in-law and sons-in-law. In your very sons and daughters there are differences with regards to their physique, appearance, dress, beauty, modesty and shame, and in various other matters. People are in the habit of gossiping, praising one and deriding the other. This unnecessarily causes ill-feeling.

2. Do not trust anyone and everyone. Do not entrust your house to anyone and everyone. As long as you have not tested or gauged a person's credibility, do not rely on him. In cities you will find many women who are charmers, fortune tellers, gypsies, etc. who barge into homes. Do not even allow them to come near your home. Such women have entered many homes and cleared them (of all goods).

3. Do not leave your jewellery box or hand-bag (or wallet) lying around. Always keep it locked or else, carry it with you.

4. As far as possible, do not purchase anything on credit. If you have no alternative but to purchase on credit, ensure that you find out the price of the item together with writing down the date. Once you have sufficient cash (to fulfil the debt) immediately go and pay the creditor.

5. As far as possible, try and suffice with the monthly allowance you receive and use it in an appropriate manner. In fact, you should try and save some of your monthly allowance.

6. Do not utter things which you do not wish to be mentioned to others in the presence of those women who frequent your home. Such women include maids, domestic servants, cleaners, etc. This is because such women are in the habit of mentioning your domestic affairs to various other people and various other homes.

7. Do not prepare your meals by using the various ingredients such as flour, rice, etc. by mere estimation. Use the ingredients according to your needs and ensure that you weigh them properly and use only that which would be sufficient. If anyone mocks or teases you for weighing all the ingredients (and not using them through estimation) do not worry about them.

8. When your daughters go out (for some work or to play) do not allow them to wear any jewellery as this would pose a danger to their lives and wealth as well.

9. If any man knocks on your door and claims friendship, claims to have an appointment or any dealing with your husband, father or brother, do not ever permit him to enter the house. Do not permit him to enter even if it may be behind a veil. At the same time, do not hand over any valuable item to him. Do not display excessive likeness or devotion to him until one of the menfolk of your house recognizes him. In the same way, do not accept anything which he gives or sends to you. If he feels hurt over this, do not worry about it.

10. In the same way if any strange woman comes with a car (or any other mode of transport) and informs you that so-and-so person has sent for you, don't ever sit in that car. In short, do not do anything by the mere information of strange persons. Nor should you give them anything from your house irrespective of whether they be men or women and irrespective of whether they ask for the item on their own behalf or in the name of some other person.

11. Do not keep any tree or plant in the house which could prove to be harmful or injurious.

12. Wear extra clothing in winter. Most women do not clothe themselves properly in winter. This causes influenza and colds.

13. Teach children the names of their father, mother, and grandfather as well. Occasionally, you should test them to see whether they remember these names or not. The benefit of this is that if a child gets lost somewhere and someone asks him his father's or mother's name, he will at least be in a position to inform them. Someone or the other will recognize the parents' name (and be able to trace them). If the child does not know the parents' name, he will merely say: "I am mummy's son" or "I am daddy's son" and no one will know who he is referring to.

14. Once a woman left a child at a certain place and went on an errand. In the meantime, a cat came and bit the child in such a manner that the child passed away. We learn two things from this. One is that you should never leave your child alone anywhere. The second thing is that one cannot trust cats, dogs and other animals. Some women are in the stupid habit of allowing cats to sleep at their side. If the cat has to scratch or bite them or hold them by the throat, what will they do?

15. When purchasing any medicine, always show it to your doctor so that he may check whether it is suited to you or not. If there is any dirt or dust on the packaging of the medicine, remove it thoroughly and check that you have received the correct medicine. At times, the pharmacist (or his assistant) gives the wrong medicine and its effect is disastrous. All left over medicines should be carefully labelled by clearly writing the name of the medicine and its purpose as well. At times, a person does not recognize the medicine and therefore has to throw it away. At other times, the person does not clearly remember the purpose of the medicine and therefore mistakenly uses it for another sickness thereby causing harm to himself.

16. Do not take loans from people who respect and honour you. (In taking loans from such persons, you will lose your respect and honour). At the same time do not give too much on credit or loan. If you have to give on credit, give an amount which you would be able to bear if it is not paid back.

17. If you have to undertake a major or new task, first seek advice from a knowledgeable and pious person.

18. Conceal your money, possessions and other valuables. Do not show them nor mention them to anyone and everyone.

19. When writing a letter to anyone, ensure that you write your complete address clearly. If you have written to the person previously, do not think that you had written your address in the previous letter therefore there is no need to write it again. How do you know whether the person still has your previous letter or not? If he does not have it, just think of the inconvenience that you would be putting him into. It is possible that he does not even have your address in his mind or that he is illiterate and was therefore unable to inform his scribe.

20. If you have to travel by train (or any other public mode of transport) ensure that you keep your travel tickets and other documents very safely. You could also give it to your menfolk for safe keeping. When in the train, do not sleep to the extent that you become absolutely unconscious of your surroundings. Do not mention any secrets to your fellow female travellers. Do not make any mention of your money, jewellery, etc. to them. If anyone offers you any edibles to eat, do not accept them. Do not wear any jewellery while travelling by train. Keep your jewellery in your bag. Once you have reached your destination, you can wear whatever jewellery you wish.

21. When travelling, always carry some money with you.

22. Do not speak to an insane person. When he is not in his senses, you do not even know what he is going to say or what he will do to you and thereby cause you unnecessary embarrassment and ill-feeling.

23. Do not place your foot in any place when it is very dark. Similarly, do not place your hand in any place when it is very dark. Switch on the lights first and then do whatever you wish to do.

24. Do not reveal your secrets to anyone and everyone. Some people are in the habit of mentioning their secrets and thereafter telling the person not to mention it to anyone. Such persons are more likely to mention it to others (i.e. especially when you tell them not to mention it to anyone).

25. Always keep some of the basic and necessary medicines in your house.

26. When embarking on any course of action, think of the consequences first and then commence with it.

27. Do not purchase too much of chinaware and glassware unnecessarily because a lot of money is wasted in such items (on account of their breaking very quickly).

28. When travelling, women should carry a book of masa'il, a pen, paper, a utensil for making wudu, etc.

29. When a person is leaving on a journey, as far as possible do not ask him to purchase anything for you nor ask him to bring a certain item of yours which is kept at a certain place. At the same time do not ask him to take a parcel or a letter for you (which has to be delivered to a certain person). In most cases such requests cause inconvenience to the person who is travelling. Furthermore, if that person is not very cautious or particular (in carrying out such tasks) he will cause more harm to you (in not delivering or bringing that item after you had depended on him to do so). If you have to send a letter, you could do so by post. If you have to send or request for a parcel, you could do so by sending it or requesting it through one of the courier services. If the item which you wish the person to purchase for you is available over here, even though it may be more expensive, then purchase it from here. It is not good to inconvenience others merely for a little benefit to yourself. The task may appear very simple, but there are many problems in taking the responsibility and making the proper arrangements. If you have no alternative and you wish that a particular item be purchased for you, then give the money for the item to the person before he can leave. If the person is going to return by train (or plane), then give him extra money so that he has sufficient money if he has to pay for excess luggage.

30. When travelling, do not eat anything that has been given to you by strangers. Some people add poisonous or intoxicating substances in the food and thereby steal all one's money and possessions.

31. When rushing to board a train, bear in mind the type of ticket which you have purchased. Do not sit in an upper class coach when in fact you have a lower class ticket.

32. When you are sewing and the needle gets stuck in the fabric, do not try to pull it out with your teeth. At times the needle breaks or pricks the person's palate or tongue.

33. Always keep a nail-clipper with you so that you can clip your nails whenever the need arises.

34. If you do not have full confidence in carrying out a particular task, do not give the responsibility to others as well. This would cause unnecessary harm and ill-feeling.

35. Do not give advice to others out of your own accord. However, if you have full choice over a person (e.g. your children, students, etc.) or the person himself seeks your advice or opinion, then there is no harm in offering your advice.

36. Do not insist on a person to eat or to stay over at your place. At times this causes discomfort and harm to the person. What is the benefit of expressing this type of love when it results in ill-feeling and dislike.

37. Do not carry any item that is extremely heavy. We have seen many persons who carried heavy weights in their youth thereby causing damage to themselves which resulted in harm for the rest of their lives. This is more applicable to girls and women. They have to be more cautious because the joints, veins and nerves of their bodies are weaker and softer.

38. Do not leave needles and other sharp objects lying around. It is possible that someone may sit on them mistakenly and poke themselves.

39. Do not give any heavy or dangerous object from an elevated place to any person. Similarly, no food or drink should be passed on from an elevated place. It is possible that the object will slip and fall.

40. If you have to hit a child or a student, do not hit him with a thick stick or by kicking and fisting him. Allah forbid, if the child gets hurt or injured at a weak spot then you will find that the tables will be turned on you. You should also abstain from hitting a person on the face or head.

41. If you visit someone and you have already partaken of your meal (prior to going to the person's house), then the moment you go to his house inform him that you have already eaten. This is because your hosts will not ask you whether you have eaten or not and they will silently worry about preparing a meal for you irrespective of whether it is meal time or not. They will take the trouble of preparing a meal for you and when they present it to you, you reply that you have already eaten. How dejected they will feel at that time? So why don't you inform them before-hand? In the same way, if someone invites you for a meal or asks you to stay over for a meal, then seek permission from your house folk. If the situation demands that you have to accept without seeking permission, then inform your house folk before-hand so that they do not occupy themselves in preparing a meal for you.

42. It is not good to engage in transactions where there are many formalities or many things to be taken into consideration. In such places one is not able to speak clearly nor is one able to make the proper demands - one person understands something while the other understands something else. The consequences of this are not good.

43. Do not scrape or clean your teeth with a knife or any other sharp object.

44. Always feed your children who are studying with things that would give strength to their brains and minds.

45. As far as possible, do not spend the night alone in your home - only Allah knows what can happen. If there is no alternative, it will be okay to do so. It has happened that some people passed away (while being alone in the house) and people learnt of this after several days.

46. When stones, rocks, bricks, etc. are left at one spot for a long period of time, invariably scorpions and other dangerous animals begin to inhabit that spot. If you have to pick up the stones, do not do so all of a sudden. Instead, be extremely cautious, check the surroundings, and then pick them up.

47. When going to sleep, dust the bed with a cloth first because it is possible that an insect or animal may be on it.

48. Place the leaves of the margosa tree and camphor in between the folds of silky and woolen clothing so that such clothing is not eaten by worms.

49. If you have to conceal any money in the house, inform one or two persons in whom you have total trust as to the whereabouts of that money. Once, a woman concealed 500 rupees of her husband's earnings and passed away soon thereafter. No one knew the exact location of that money. They searched the entire house but were unable to find it. The husband was a poor person - just try and imagine the pain he must have experienced.

50. Some people lock their valuables and leave the keys lying around. This is also a serious mistake.

51. If you have to count your money and other valuables at night, do so silently. Do not allow your voice to be heard out of the house as there are thousands of enemies outside.

52. Do not leave the house with a fire burning inside. In the same way, do not throw a burning match (or any other item such as charcoal, pieces of wood, etc.) without first extinguishing it. If you throw such an item, ensure that you extinguish it with your feet after having thrown it. Do not allow any sparks to remain.

53. Never allow your children to play with matches, fire or fireworks. Once my neighbour's child was lighting a match. In the process he caught on fire and his entire chest was burnt. At another place a child was playing with fireworks and lost his hand in the process.

54. When there are no lights and you have to carry a candle (or any other source of light) to the toilet, be extra cautious. Many people have burnt themselves in this manner. Using paraffin is even more dangerous.

1. You should wash the hands, face, neck, ears, groin, dirty clothes of your children daily. When any dirt and grime collects on the body, it causes a burnt effect on the skin. This later turns into a wound.

2. When the child relieves himself, wash him immediately with water. Do not suffice with wiping him with rags (or toilet paper) as this causes itching and inflammation. If it is winter and it is very cold, wash the child with warm water.

3. Make your child sleep separately and place two pillows on either side of him in order to protect him from falling off the bed. By having the child sleeping next to you there is the fear that one of his limbs might get smashed. We know for a fact that the limbs of children are weak. There is therefore nothing to be surprised about if they get injured. At one place a child got smashed in this way and was found dead the following morning.

4. Do not get the child into the habit of being rocked in a swing excessively because swings are not found everywhere. Similarly, do not get the child into the habit of being carried too much because this weakens the child.

5. Get the child into the habit of going to everyone. If a small child gets used to one particular person and later that person has to pass away or leave the job, this causes great problems for the child.

6. If you decide to obtain the services of a wet-nurse in order to breast feed your child, ensure that you get a wet-nurse whose milk is wholesome, who is young and whose milk is fresh, i.e. her child must not be more than six to seven months old. At the same time, she must be of good character and religiously minded. She must not be stupid, immodest, shameless, miserly or greedy.

7. Once the child commences eating solids, do not hand over the responsibility of feeding the child to the maid or domestic servant. Ensure that you feed the child yourself or you appoint a person who is mannerly and also reliable. This is so that the child does not eat excessively or too less and thereby falls ill. If you have to give any medication to the child, ensure that it is prepared in your presence and given to the child in your presence.

8. When the child reaches the age of understanding, inculcate in him the habit of eating himself. Wash his hands for him prior to eating and teach him to eat with his right hand. Inculcate in him the habit of eating less so that he is safeguarded from sickness and greed.

9. The parents should pay particular attention to the following. And if anyone is appointed over the child, he or she should also be instructed to pay attention to this fact, i.e. they should ensure that the child is neat and tidy all the time. When the hands and face get dirty, they should be washed immediately.

10. If possible, someone should be with the child all the time. When the child is playing around, do not allow him to run around and jump around excessively. Do not allow him to play in an elevated place. Ensure that the child plays with the children of good and respectable people. Do not allow him to play with the children of mean and wicked people. Do not allow the child to play among too many children. Do not allow him to play in alleys and on the streets. Do not go around in the bazaars and market places with the child. Teach the child appropriate manners and etiquette for different situations and circumstances. Stop the child from improper and unlawful acts.

11. If there is anyone appointed to play with the child, emphasise on the person not to take the child to improper and unsuitable places. If he has to give the child anything to eat or drink, he must first show it to the parents. He must not feed the child out of his own accord.

12. Get the child into the habit of asking from his parents and immediate family. He should not ask for anything from anyone else. Similarly, he should not accept anything from anyone without your permission.

13. Do not display excessive love and affection for the child or else he will become spoilt.

14. Do not make the child wear very tight-fitting clothes. Similarly, do not make the child wear very elaborate clothing (such as clothing that has gold and silver brocade, laces, etc.) excessively. There is no harm if the child wears such clothing on certain occasions such as eid.

15. Get the child into the habit of brushing his teeth with a miswaak.

16. In the seventh part of Bahishti Zewar (sixth part of the English translation) the rules and etiquette of eating, drinking, talking, walking, meeting people, sitting in gatherings, etc. are written in detail. Get the child into the habit of adopting all these etiquette. Do not depend on his learning them when he grows older or on the assumption that you would read them to him later in life. You should remember that a person does not learn anything on his own. Similarly, if anything is read to him, although he comes to know of it, the habit of putting that into practice does not come immediately. As long as a person does not get into the habit of adopting good manners and etiquette, then irrespective of how knowledgeable he becomes, he will always do things which are considered to be ill-mannered, inappropriate, and things which would cause pain to others.

17. Do not impose too much of work on the child in his studies. Set aside one hour for his studies in the beginning. Thereafter, increase it to two hours and then three hours. In this way, increase the work load in accordance with his capability and how much he can bear. It should not happen that the child is made to study the entire day. This is because he would become easily distracted on account of tiredness. Excessive work would damage his heart and brain. This would cause his mind and memory to become weak and he will become lazy like a sick person. This would result in his losing interest in his studies.

18. Apart from short holidays and without any real need, do not give the child holidays very often. This causes one to become dull and weary by nature.

19. As far as possible, obtain the services of a qualified and reputable teacher in whichever field the child is studying. Some people look for cheap teachers for their children. From the very beginning the method of teaching and studying is wrong and it becomes very difficult to set this right later on.

20. Easy subjects should be taught later in the day while difficult subjects should be taught in the morning. This is because one is tired and weary later in the day and will therefore become terrified of difficult subjects.

21. Teach your children, especially girls, to cook and sew.

22. When there is a big difference in age between the bride and bridegroom, this could be a cause of many problems.

23. At the same time, do not get your children married at a very young age. This is also very harmful.

1. It is an evil practice to "pick out" a person on his past practices. It is an evil habit of women that when past ill-feelings have been cleared and forgiven and a situation arises wherein they get into an argument again, they begin to repeat the past ill-feelings. This is a sinful act and at the same time it causes ill-feelings to settle into the heart again.

2. Don't ever complain about your in-laws when you go to your parents' house. Some of these complaints amount to sinning and this act of complaining is regarded as lack of patience on your part. In most situations this complaining results in ill-feelings between the two families. In the same way, do not speak in praise of your parents' house at your in-laws. At times this amounts to the sin of pride and haughtiness. Furthermore, the in-laws will get the impression that this daughter-in-law of theirs does not value and appreciate them. This would result in their not appreciating you.

3. Do not get into the habit of speaking excessively or else you would inevitably mention something that is inappropriate. The consequence of this is ill-feelings in this world and sinning in the hereafter.

4. As far as possible do not ask others to fulfil your tasks for you - fulfil them yourself. In fact, you should take up the tasks of others as well. In doing so, you will be rewarded and at the same time you will win over the person as well.

5. Don't ever converse with women who are in the habit of carrying tales from anywhere and everywhere. Do not even lend an ear to them. Listening to such conversations is sinful and could also lead to problems.

6. If you hear any complaints about your mother-in-law, sister-in-law (husband's sister), wife of husband's younger brother, wife of husband's elder brother, etc. then do not keep these complaints in your heart. It would be better for you to consider these complaints to be false and thereby remove them from your heart. If you are unable to do this, go up to the person who made all these complaints and clear all misunderstandings. In doing so, there is no room for further problems and misunderstandings.

7. Do not be too strict with your workers and domestic servants. Also keep a watchful eye on your children that they do not mock or trouble the servants and their children. They might not say anything out of fear or taking you into consideration, but you must remember that they will definitely curse you in their hearts. Even if they do not curse you, you will still be committing the crime of oppression and you will therefore be a sinner.

8. Do not waste your time in unnecessary and useless conversations. Set aside some time in which you teach the Quran and read Islamic literature to girls. If you are unable to do much, then after teaching the Quran you should at least read this book, Bahishti Zewar, to them from the beginning till the end. You should also give importance to teaching girls some sort of handicrafts irrespective of whether the girls are your own children or someone else's children. However, as long as they have not completed the recitation of the Quran, they should not engage in any other work. Once they have recited the Quran (early in the morning), they should clean themselves. Thereafter, commence teaching them. After they take a break and eat, give them writing exercises. Thereafter, teach them how to cook and sew.

9. Do not ask the girls who come to study under you to carry out your domestic tasks. At the same time, do not ask them to take care of your children. Instead, treat them as you would your own children.

10. Do not take upon any responsibilities merely for name and fame. This would be considered to be a sin and would result in many problems and difficulties.

11. When moving from one place to another or travelling to a certain place, do not make it necessary upon yourself that you have to change your shoes, clothing, wear new jewellery, etc. This is because it means that you are going into all these formalities so that people may consider you to be great. Having such an intention is sinful. Furthermore, this causes a delay in departing which results in many other problems. You should adopt humility and simplicity. Occasionally, go with the very clothes that you are wearing at home. If the clothes are very dirty, then change as quick as possible without going into too many formalities.

12. When arguing with anyone, do not find faults with the person's family or any of his dead relatives. This is a sinful act and at the same time causes ill-feeling.

13. When you have someone else's item, return it immediately after having used it. If you do not find anyone to return it at that time, do not mix it with your own items. Keep it separately and safely so that it does not get mislaid. It is not permissible to use another person's item without his permission.

14. Do not get into the habit of eating sumptuous meals. One does not remain in the same financial position all the time. If his position deteriorates, he has to undergo many difficulties.

15. Don't ever forget anyone's favour upon you irrespective of how insignificant it may be. At the same time, do not show off your favours irrespective of how big they may be.

16. When you have no work at all, the best thing to do is read a Deeni book. Don't ever read books that are harmful.

17. Don't ever shout and speak. How embarrassing it would be if your voice is heard outside?

18. If you have to wake up in the middle of the night and the rest of the house folk are asleep, do not shuffle about and do not walk around loudly. If you have awoken for a particular reason, why should you awaken the others as well? Do whatever you have to very silently.

19. Do not laugh and joke with your elders. It is a sign of disrespect. Do not be informal with low-minded persons because they would become disrespectful of you and cause you displeasure. Alternatively, they will display their arrogance elsewhere and thereby disgrace themselves.

20. Do not speak in praise of your family or your children in the presence of others.

21. If everyone stands up in a gathering, do not remain seated as this is considered to be a sign of pride and haughtiness.

22. If two persons are in disagreement (and not speaking to each other), do not mention anything to any of them whereby if they reconcile, it would cause embarrassment to you.

23. As long as your work can be accomplished through money or softness, do not adopt a hard approach or throw yourself into any difficult or dangerous situation.

24. Do not display your anger to anyone in the presence of your guests. This would cause your guest to become reserved and he would not be as "open" as he was prior to your anger.

25. Display good character to your enemy as well. In this way, his enmity towards you will not increase.

26. Do not allow pieces of bread to lie around. If you see any bread lying around, pick it up, clean it and eat it. If you are unable to eat it, give it to some animal. If the table cloth has bits and pieces of food on it, do not dust it at a place where people walk.

27. Once you have completed your meal, do not leave the food behind and get up. This is a sign of disrespect. Pick up all the dishes first and then get up.

28. Emphasise on your girls not to play with boys because this causes both of them to become mischievous. When boys who are outsiders come into the house, the girls should leave their presence even if these boys are small in age.

29. Do not joke physically (such as tickling) with anyone. In most cases this causes ill-feelings and at times the person is also physically hurt. Do not joke excessively to the extent that the other person becomes serious. This also causes disputes. It is extremely shameful to joke in the presence of guests, such as in the presence of one's wedding guests.

30. Do not sit in line with your elders. However, if they order you to do so for some reason or the other, then etiquette demands that you obey them.

31. When you borrow anything from anyone, keep it very safely. Once you have completed using it, send it back to him immediately. Do not wait for the person to ask you for it. There could be several reasons for his not asking for it: (i) he does not know whether you have completed using it or not, (ii) he is probably feeling it difficult to ask you for it, (iii) he probably forgot that you have that item in your possession. Later when he looks for it, how much of difficulty you will be imposing upon him? In the same way, if you are owing any money to anyone and you have some money, then pay it to that person immediately. Reduce your debt as much as you can and as quickly as you can.

32. If you have to walk at night for some reason or the other (and you have no alternative but to walk), then remove your anklets and other types of tinkling jewellery. Do not walk around with all this tinkling jewellery.

33. If someone is alone in the house or room and the door is closed, do not open the door and barge in. It is possible that the person is naked, exposed, or sleeping and you disturb him unnecessarily (by barging inside). Instead, call out the person's name in a soft tone and seek his permission to enter. If he permits you, enter. If not, remain silent and try again later on. However, if you have very urgent work with the person and he does not reply, then shout out his name until he wakes up. But as long as he does not answer you or does not call you inside, do not enter.

34. If you do not know a person (and you are engaged in a conversation with him), then do not speak ill of a particular place or a particular family, tribe, people, etc. It is possible that the person is from that place or belongs to that particular group of people. This would cause you great embarrassment.

35. In the same way, if you do not know who was the person who fulfilled a certain task, then do not say: "Which stupid did this?" or any other words of similar tone. It is possible that someone whom you respect and look up to carried out that task. This would also cause you great embarrassment.

36. If your child does something wrong (thereby inflicting harm on someone else), never take your child's part. It is worse to take sides with your child in his presence because this would cause your child to become spoilt.

37. When seeking to get your daughters married, look for a boy who has the fear of Allah and a religious temperament. It is such a person who can provide comfort to his wife. If the person is extremely wealthy but has no Deen in him, he will not fulfil his wife's rights nor will he be faithful to his wife. In fact he will not even give her any money. Even if he gives her any money, he will harass her more than what he gives her.

38. Stitch your name or any other sort of identification on your clothing so that it does not get mixed up with someone else's clothing. This would result in your wearing the other person's clothing and the latter wearing yours. This is a sinful act and also causes worldly harm.

39. It is the practice among the Arabs that when they wish to take something from a pious person (such as a spiritual guide or sufi shaykh) for the sake of acquiring the blessings from him, they give this pious person one of their own belongings (such as a kurta, shawl, scarf, etc.). This pious person uses the item for a few days and gives it back to the person who had given it to him. The pious person has no hesitance in doing this. However, if twenty persons ask him for one of his own items, he will not be left with even a rag. Our Indian people unashamedly ask the pious persons for their clothing. This causes inconvenience to them. If we also adopt the practice of the Arabs it will be very good.

40. If a person expresses his opinion in a particular matter and you have an opinion contrary to his, then express your opinion. However, do not express your opinion and attribute it to someone else. This is because if the person goes and mentions it to that person (to whom you attributed a particular opinion), it would cause unnecessary ill-feelings.

41. Do not accuse anyone of anything on mere suspicion as this would cause great pain to the person.

Some poor women have no means of obtaining or receiving food and clothing. Such women experience great difficulties and problems. The solution to their problem could be in two things: one is that they should get married. Alternatively, they should learn some sort of handicraft and thereby earn a living. However, ignorant people consider both marriage and a handicraft to be a shortcoming. And no one thinks about making proper arrangements for the expenses of these poor women. So how can these women live a proper life? O women! You cannot force anyone (to do anything for you). However, Allah Ta'ala has given you the power of choice over your heart and your hands and feet. You should therefore try and influence your heart and do not worry about what others have to say. If you have reached the age of marriage, get married. If you have not reached the age of marriage, or do not feel like getting married (without considering it to be a shortcoming), or you are scared of further complications (by getting married), then in all these cases try and earn a living through a permitted handicraft. If anyone looks down upon you or mocks at you, don't ever worry about it. If there was anything wrong with such work, why would the prophets alayhimus salaam have taken up such occupations? Who is greater than them? It is mentioned in a Hadith that Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam used to graze sheep. It is also mentioned in a Hadith that there is not a single prophet who did not graze sheep. Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said that the best source of income is that which has been earned with one's own hands and that Hadrat Daud alayhis salaam used to eat with the earnings of his own hands. All this has been mentioned by Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. Some of the occupations of the prophets have been mentioned in the Quran. Others have been mentioned in other biographies of the different prophets. We will mention the names of a few of such prophets together with their occupations.

1. Hadrat Aadam alayhis salaam had done farming. He used to grind flour and make bread.

2. Hadrat Idris alayhis salaam used to do writing and tailoring.

3. Hadrat Nuh alayhis salaam cut wood and built a ship. This is the work of a carpenter.

4. Hadrat Hud alayhis salaam was a trader.

5. Hadrat Saalih alayhis salaam was a trader.

6. Hadrat Zul Qarnayn was a great king and, according to others, he was a prophet. He used to weave baskets.

7. Hadrat Ibrahim alayhis salaam used to do farming. He also engaged in construction work - he built the ka'bah.

8. Hadrat Lut alayhis salaam used to do farming.

9. Hadrat Isma'eel alayhis salaam used to make arrows and put up targets.

10. Hadrat Is'haaq alayhis salaam, Hadrat Ya'qub alayhis salaam and all their children used graze sheep and give them to their children.

11. Hadrat Yusuf alayhis salaam traded in grain when there was a drought.

12. Hadrat Ayyub alayhis salaam had the young of many camels and sheep. He had also done farming.

13. Hadrat Shu'ayb alayhis salaam had also grazed sheep.

14. Hadrat Musa alayhis salaam grazed sheep for several years. This tending of sheep was also his form of payment of mahr when he got married.

15. Hadrat Harun alayhis salaam was a trader.

16. Hadrat al-Yasa' alayhis salaam used to do farming.

17. Hadrat Daud alayhis salaam used to make armour which is the work of an ironsmith.

18. Hadrat Luqmaan alayhis salaam was a very wise person. Some scholars consider him to be a prophet. He used to graze sheep.

19. Hadrat Sulayman alayhis salaam used to weave baskets.

20. Hadrat Zakariyya alayhis salaam used to do carpentry.

21. Hadrat 'Isa alayhis salaam had dyed clothes at a person's shop.

We have already mentioned that Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam and all other prophets had grazed sheep. Although these prophets did not depend on the different occupations as a source of income, they however did all these things and did not consider them to be a defect or shortcoming. Many great auliyaa' and ulama who have written great works had also undertaken some sort of occupation. Some of them engaged in weaving, others in tanning of leather, others in repairing of shoes, while others engaged in the making of sweetmeats. Who can have more honour and a greater status than all these great persons?

1. It is not permissible to eat at a place wherein most of the things that are sold are haraam. However, if a person inquires with regard to a particular item that is being sold there and is given a reply that it is halaal, then he will have to check on the person who gave him the information. If the person is a pious and religious-minded person, one can act on his information without any hesitation. If the person is a sinful person, or one does not know whether he is a pious person or not, then one should check with one's heart. If the heart says that this person is honest, it will be permissible to act upon his information. But if the heart is not inclined towards believing him, it will not be permissible to act upon his information. For example, the selling of mangoes (or any other fruit) prior to the crop even appearing on the trees. You have read previously that this is haraam. If this practice is in vogue in a particular place and the mangoes sell at a lower price after maturity, then the above-mentioned mas'ala will apply. If you are given the information that certain mangoes were sold after maturity, it will be permissible for you to eat them. It will not be permissible to eat them if you do not know when they were sold (after maturity or before).

2. It is prohibited to speak ill or curse a sickness (that one is afflicted with).

3. If a kaafir woman (or man) comes willingly to you in order to accept Islam and there is no fear of any fight or civil strife in her accepting Islam, then make her a Muslim. The method of making a person into a Muslim is as follows: Make the person recite the kalimah

and explain its meaning as well, i.e. There is none worthy of worship except Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah. She must also say: "I believe in all the prophets, all the books of Allah, the angels, life after death and predestination (taqdeer). I have left my previous religion and accepted the religion of the Muslims. I will offer the five times salaat and keep the fasts of Ramadaan. If I have the stipulated amount of wealth, I will give zakaat. If I have sufficient funds, I will perform the hajj. I will follow all the orders of Allah and His Rasul sallallahu alayhi wa sallam and abstain from all the things which they have prohibited. O Allah! Keep me firm on Deen and Imaan. Help me in fulfilling all pious and religious acts." Thereafter, all those who are present should make the following dua to Allah: "O Allah! Accept this person's Islam. Keep us firm on Imaan and make us die on Imaan as well."

4. Do not backbite.

5. Do not believe in rumours.

6. Some women are of the opinion that as long as impure clothes are not dried after having washed them, they are not pure and that salaat with such clothes is not permissible. This is incorrect. On account of not knowing this mas'ala, many women miss their salaats. Where will they ever make qadaa of these missed salaats? You should not think in this manner. Salaat with wet clothes is definitely permissible.

7. Clothing that causes the arms, hair of the head, neck, etc. to be exposed invalidates salaat. (This is applicable to women)

8. If a poor person is strong enough to work but still goes around begging, it will not be permissible to give him anything.

9. If you are travelling by train (or any other mode of public transport) and there is no water to make wudu, make tayammum and offer your salaat. Do not miss the salaat.

10. Some women do not observe purdah with their workers and labourers. This is a major sin.

11. Do not use items that belong to others without the owner's permission. This is irrespective of how insignificant the item may be. After using the item, do not leave it lying around. Instead, return it to the owner or inform him that you have left the item at a particular place.

12. The different rules, regulations and stipulations that have been laid down by the different authorities with regard to the different modes of public transport (such as buses, trains, planes, etc.) have to be followed. It is not permissible to act contrary to those rules, to cheat on the authorities, or to conceal anything from them. For example, if a person is travelling with a third class ticket by train, he is permitted to carry a certain amount of luggage (30-40 kilos or whatever the case maybe). If he has any luggage that is in excess of the stipulated amount, he will have to pay for the excess luggage according to whatever is stipulated per kilo. If a person takes this excess luggage into the train without having it weighed, even if the authorities do not spot him, he will be committing a sin. If he bribes the authorities into permitting him to take the excess luggage (without any additional payment), he will be committing a double sin - one for taking the excess luggage and another for bribing the authorities.

Similarly, they have a rule that if a child is under three years old, he can travel free of charge. If he is between three and twelve years of age, he will have to pay half the normal rate. If he is above twelve years, he will have to pay the full adult rate. Based on this, if a person takes a child who is above three years without paying for his ticket, or informs the authorities that the child is under three years old (despite being over three years old), he will be sinning. In the same way, if a child is above twelve years and the person informs the authorities that he is under twelve years and therefore purchases a half-ticket, he will also be sinning.

In all these cases, the person will have to pay on the day of judgement - not with money but by giving away his good deeds and he will have to bear the evil deeds of the authorities (whom he had cheated).

13. These days, young Muslim men read a lot of English literature. Many things which are contrary to the Deen are found in such books and magazines. Most of these youngsters who read such books have no knowledge of the Deen. This results in many of them having no Imaan in their hearts. Furthermore, many of them utter certain things which cause them to lose their Imaan. If a Muslim girl has married one of these youngsters, their marriage is not considered to be valid in the Shariah. If the marriage is not valid, it would mean that their entire lives are spent in sinning. The consequences of this will have to be borne by the parents in this world and there is the fear of punishment in the hereafter as well. It is therefore extremely important and necessary that just as you inquire about the family background and financial position of the boy who proposes to your daughter, it is much more important for you to inquire and check whether he is religiously-minded or not. If you do not know anything about his religiosity, don't ever give your daughter to him. A religious-minded poor person is a thousand times better than a rich person who has no Deen in him. It has also been noticed that the person who does not have any Deen in him is unable to fulfil the rights of his wife and does not even have any feelings for her. At times he will not even give her a cent to spend (on herself). When there is no tranquillity in such cases, why do people then crave for affluent partners?

14. If you make any mistakes in the recitation of the Quran, correct these mistakes immediately or have them corrected by someone. Do not leave it for a later date because it is highly possible that you will forget to have such mistakes corrected. If you do not have these mistakes corrected, you will read the Quran incorrectly forever and will also remain a sinner (for not correcting these mistakes).

15. Do not answer anyone's question if you do not remember a particular mas'ala properly or if you are unsure of it.

16. Some people are in the habit of deluding others in accepting their counterfeit notes. If they are unable to delude anyone, they try to use them by purchasing something at night (when others are unable to decipher the actual nature of the notes). This is a major sin. You should return the notes to the person who had given them to you. You could return them to him by warning him that they are counterfeit notes or you could use any other strategy in returning them to him. However, this will only be permissible if you know for sure that he is the one who had given them to you. If you have the slightest doubt regarding him, you cannot return them to him.

17. At times a person lies down and closes his eyes as if he is sleeping. Two persons, sitting nearby and assuming him to be sleeping, begin speaking certain private matters. Had they known that this person is not sleeping, they would have not engaged in this private conversation. In such a situation, it is wajib on the person who is lying down to get up and show that he is not sleeping. He should not eavesdrop on their conversation. If not, he will be committing a sin.

18. It is not permissible to transact in currency notes at a price that is higher or lower than the face value of the note. (Note: This applies particularly in the Indo-Pak subcontinent where old/torn notes are exchanged for new notes at a slightly higher price.)

19. It is not permissible to read a letter that has been addressed to someone else without that person's permission.

20. Do not throw around the hair that remains in the comb after having combed your hair. At the same time, do not leave that hair lying around whereby a ghayr mahram may see it. A woman has to conceal such hair as well. You should rather dig a small hole in the ground and bury that hair.

21. Whatever is prohibited from being mentioned orally is also prohibited from being mentioned in writing. For example, gheebah, speaking high of yourself, etc.

22. There can be several doubts in a message conveyed by telex. News regarding the sighting of the moon through telex messages is therefore not considered.

23. When a place is afflicted by a plague, it is prohibited to leave that place with the intention of saving yourself from the plague. The person who remains in that place and exercises patience shall receive the reward of a martyr.

24. Do not address anyone as a bastard, bitch, pig, or any other type of word which would be considered to be a form of swearing the person's parents. What have those poor persons done to you? Furthermore, when rebuking or scolding a person for a shortcoming or mistake which he may have committed, do not scold him more than the actual extent of his mistake.

25. It is makruh to smoke cigarettes, pipes, etc. unnecessarily. If one is forced to do so, there is no harm. However, one should clean one's mouth thoroughly prior to offering salaat. The mouth could be cleaned with a miswaak, brush or any other cleaning agent. If the foul smell remains in one's mouth while offering salaat, this causes discomfort to the angels. It is for this reason that this is prohibited.

26. If opium or any other drug is given as a form of medication and the quantity is such that no intoxication whatsoever results in this, it will be permissible to consume. However, some women are in the habit of giving their children opium so that the children may remain sleeping. This is not permissible.

27. A mature girl should not be made to study the Quran (or anything else) under a young man.

28. Scraps of paper that have something written on them should also be respected. They should not be thrown around. Waste paper and (old newspaper) that is used to wrap items should not be thrown around. Such paper should either be kept safely (for later use) or burnt. In the same way, if you find scraps of paper on the road and something is written on them, then pick them up, keep them safely or burn them.

29. Bits and pieces of bread that are left on the dining-table should not be swept away to places where they would be trampled upon. Instead, they should be swept to a corner or some other place that does not fall in anyone's path.

30. If anyone is busy writing a letter, it is prohibited to sit next to the person and look at what he is writing.

31. A person has wounds or sores in the lower portion of the body and water will be harmful to these wounds or sores. If such a person is in need of a bath and is unable to prevent water from falling on the lower portion of his body, it will be permissible for him to make tayammum.

32. It is permissible to recite durood even if a person is not in a state of wudu, in need of ghusl, or a woman is in a state of haid or nifaas.

33. It is prohibited to pierce the ear or nose of a boy.

34. It is prohibited to keep evil names for one's children. Good names should be kept. The names of prophets should be kept. Alternatively, the word "Abd" should be added to any of the many names of Allah Ta'ala, e.g. Abdullah, Abdur Rahmaan, Abdul Baari, Abdul Quddus, Abdul Fattaah, etc. Alternatively, consult an aalim who would choose a name for your child.

35. It is the belief of ignorant women that once the salaat is offered, the musalla (prayer mat) should be folded, if not, shaytaan will sit on it. This is absolutely incorrect.

36. Ignorant persons believe that when a woman passes away while in labour (or giving birth) she becomes a ghost. This is absolutely wrong. In fact, it is mentioned in a Hadith that such a woman dies a martyr.

37. Ignorant persons believe that when a woman passes away, her husband cannot even touch the beams of the bier. This is incorrect. In fact, the husband can even look at the face of his deceased wife.

38. If a woman passes away while she is pregnant and it is known that the child is still alive, her womb should be opened and the child removed. In one place, a deceased woman was being given the ghusl. The women who were bathing her perceived signs of the child (that was in the deceased woman's womb) being born. The women got excited and completed the task of bathing quickly and hurriedly enshrouded her in the kafan. When the woman was placed in the grave, (the men who were burying her) perceived the birth of the child from within the kafan. It is extremely sad that no one opened the kafan to check. Instead, they immediately placed the wooden beams over the body and covered the grave with sand. It is a disgrace both to the women and the men. All this happened due to lack of knowledge of the Deen.

39. It is a major sin to cause events to be foretold or the names of a guilty person to be foretold irrespective of whether this is done through a jinn, a sandal, or through any other means.

40. Women are not in the habit of greeting each other with "As salaamu alaykum" and embracing each other. There is great merit in carrying out such acts. Women should be taught these things.

41. If you are a guest at someone's house, do not give anything to those who come begging.

42. The bladder of all animals is impure like the urine of those animals. The cud of an animal is impure like the excreta of that animal.

43. If a Quran or parts of the Quran has become so torn that one is unable to read in it, or there are so many printing mistakes in it that one is unable to correct the mistakes, then such a Quran should be wrapped in a clean cloth and buried at a place where no one walks. The Quran should be buried in such a way that no sand falls onto it. This could be done in two ways: (i) dig a hole similar to that of a grave which has a crevice or cleft on one side, (ii) dig a hole, place the Quran inside, place a piece of timber over it and then cover the entire hole with sand.

Qadaa: Literally means "carrying out or fulfilling". In Islamic jurisprudence it refers to fulfilling or completing the duties which one may have missed out due to some reason or the other.

Ramadaan: The ninth month of the Islamic calendar which is regarded as the most sacred month.

Roti: Flat round bread.

Shariah: The Islamic Law.

Shaytaan: Satan or the devil.

Surmah: Antimony. A black powdery substance that is applied to the eyes. It is sunnah to apply surmah.

Tahajjud salaat: An optional salaat that is offered in the dark of the night. There is great merit in offering this salaat.

Tayammum: The act of purifying oneself with pure sand in the absence of water.

Ulama: Plural of aalim.

Wajib: Literally means "obligatory". In Islamic jurisprudence it refers to that act which has not been established by an absolute proof. Leaving out a wajib without any valid reason makes one a faasiq and entails punishment.

Wudu: Literally means "purity or cleanliness". In Islamic terminology it refers to the act of washing certain parts of the body before offering salaat, reciting the Quran, etc.